A synthesis of aerosol emissions data from the nasa apex, aafex, and access missions richard h. Pires, a yinglei han, b john kramlich, c and manuel garciaperez b, the chemical composition and fuel properties of nine alternative jet fuels named as ajf 19 and three commercial jet fuels named as cjf 1, 2 and 3 are reported in this work. There is no single formula for jp 5, jp8, or jet a fuels and the exact composition of the jet fuel varies depending on. Risk factors of jet fuel combustion products sciencedirect. For specific application advice see appropriate technical data sheet or. Some of those specifications and their limits are shown in table 1. Jet fuel is therefore defined as a performance specification rather than a chemical compound. The properties of jet a1 turbine fuel including specification of additive are defined in the defence standard def stan 91911 1994. Jet fuel is a mixture of a variety of hydrocarbons. The aircraft jet fuel tax is owed by the person who owns the aircraft jet fuel when a taxable event occurs the tax is assessed. This specification defines type jet b widecut aviation turbine fuel intended for use in aircraft that are certified to use such fuel. The density is determined by the quality of the crude used to produce the fuel and the refining process. It had a lower flash point than jp1, but was preferred because of its greater availability. Astm d165519a covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications of aviation turbine fuel under.
Jet a1 is the most widespread type of jet fuel globally for use in turbofan and turboproppowered commercial aircraft. About the emissions of alternative jet fuels elib dlr. Aircraft emissions vary with the engine type, the engine load and the. Jet fuel basics jet fuel composed of an array of hydrocarbon compounds typical jet fuel composition 60% paraffins 20% napthenes 20% aromatics single and double ring ch 3ch 2ch 2ch 2ch 2ch 2ch 2ch 3 aromatic c nh 2n6 c 2h 5 naphthene c nh 2n. Effect of gtllike jet fuel composition on gt engine altitude. Alter or attempt to alter the strength or composition of any dye or marker in any dyed gasoline or diesel fuel. Product identifier product name aviation jet fuel jet a1 jeta1 product number id 10505 internal identification 145163 1. For this reason, it is impossible to define the exact composition of jet fuel. Provided herein are, among other things, jet fuel compositions and methods of making and using the same. Energy density of aviation fuel the physics factbook. Aug 08, 2016 the total number of potentially registerable vendors of jet fuel used in noncommercial aviation is unclear, but is likely greater than the number that have registered with the internal revenue service irs based on industry information.
The combustion process is an exothermic chemical reaction, i. Containing fuel system icing inhibitor safety data sheet product name other means of identification section 1. In uence of jet fuel composition on aircraft engine. In some embodiments, the fuel compositions comprise at least a fuel component readily and efficiently produced, at least in part, from a microorganism. The royalty network publishing, ascap, kobalt music publishing, bmi. Pyrolysis and oxidation 15 iv specification requirements and test methods 17 1. While registered vendorscalled ultimate vendorsare eligible to receive credits or refunds for sales of such jet fuel, some ultimate vendors are.
May 03, 2012 the current fuel used in aviation turbines is kerosene, and is tightly controlled to a well defined specification. Moore,ymichael shook, zandreas beyersdorf, ychelsea corr, scott herndon, xw. Types of jet fuel there are two basic types of turbine engine fuel commonly used today are. The most common commercial jet fuel is jet a and jet a1 which is a cheaper and less refined version of the jet fuel blend and does not contain all the. Jp4, or jp4 for jet propellant was a jet fuel, specified in 1951 by the u. Alternative jet fuels are of interest in the aviation community because of rising oil costs, the need to secure a consistent supply, and the possibilities for cleaner burning engines 4. Identification of the substancemixture and of the companyundertaking 1. Additives such as antioxidants, metal deactivator, electrical conductivity additive, leak detection additive, and other additives including biocidal additive and fuel system icing inhibitor, may be added to the aviation turbine fuel in the amount and of the composition specified. Because the exact composition of jet fuel varies widely based on petroleum source, it is impossible to define jet fuel as a ratio of specific hydrocarbons. The full impact of this fuel dump on children and adults has yet to be fully realized. Chemistry characterization of jet aircraft engine particulate. Air force air force 1977, 1981g, 1982d, 1988a, 1989c, 1990 using specifications that are based primarily on the characteristics that give the maximum performance of the aircraft for which the fuel is used crc 1984. The pdf file you selected should load here if your web browser has a pdf reader plugin installed for example, a recent version of adobe acrobat reader if you would like more information about how to print, save, and work with pdfs, highwire press provides a helpful frequently asked questions about pdfs.
The major aviation fuels are jet propulsion fuel 8 jp8 for military engines and jet a1 for civil aviation engines. Because the energy contents of individual hydrocarbons can differ, jet fuel composition has some effect on energy content see page 25. Astm d1655 specification, jet a1 fuel has a density of between 775. Personal exposure to jp8 jet fuel vapors and exhaust at. Nearly all jet fuel is made from kerosene derived from petroleum. The current fuel used in aviation turbines is kerosene, and is tightly controlled to a well defined specification. In uence of jet fuel composition on aircraft engine emissions. Us7671245b2 jet fuel compositions and methods of making. Understanding gas turbine performance jim noordermeer, p. Fail to remit to the secretary any tax levied, if the person has added or represented that the tax was added to the sales price of the gasoline or diesel fuel and has collected the amount of the tax.
One of the basic properties required from aviation fuel is of course, energy density. Chemical composition and fuel properties of alternative jet fuels. The past 50 years of simultaneous development between the aviation turbine and kerosene jet fuel has led to the fuel specification. Standard specification for jet b widecut aviation turbine fuel. Jet fuel and diesel fuel both share similarities in composition as well as many chemical properties. Correlations for jet fuel density and temperature are found by use of tools based on astm d 125004 and ip 20004 api manual of petroleum measurement standards, chapter 11 physical properties data, section 1. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are jet a and jet a1, which are produced to. Specification d1655 was developed initially for civil applications, but has also been adopted for military aircraft.
Jet fuel characteristicsjet fuel characteristics commercial turbine fuelcommercial turbine fuel international air transport association iata guidance material iata add761 kerosene types and wide cut aviation fuel quality requirements for jointly operated systems afqrjos check list, jet a1, jet b nonu. Leaching with water is the preferred method due to cost. Jet fuel of types a and a1 is composed of mostly kerosene, and jet b is a napthakerosene mix. Aircraft jet fuel dealers collect the aircraft jet fuel tax for each gallon of aircraft jet fuel sold to an aircraft jet fuel user, delivered into the fuel tank of an aircraft, or into a storage facility from which the fuel is withdrawn for use in an aircraft. Significantly reduced particle emission for fischertropsch jet fuel blends on engine exhaust composition could be demonstrated by schripp et al. Are airlines required to file andor disclose the chemical composition of the jet fuel used in domestic flights. Performance properties since the primary function of aviation turbine fuel jet fuel is to power an aircraft,energycontent and combustion quality are key fuel performance properties. Civil aviation fuel jet fuel specifications shell global. Pdf the chemical composition and fuel properties of nine alternative jet fuels named as ajf 19 and three commercial jet fuels named as. Sep 15, 2017 for this reason, it is impossible to define the exact composition of jet fuel. Effects of jet fuel spills on the microbial community of soil article pdf available in applied and environmental microbiology 563. Licensed to youtube by wmg on behalf of warner records label. The chemical composition and fuel properties of nine alternative jet fuels named as ajf 19 and three commercial jet fuels named as cjf 1, 2 and 3 are reported in this work.
Ajf is any inflammable liquid that is used or sold for use in propelling aircraft operated by a jet or turbine type of engine. As you are aware, jet fuel was dumped over populated areas, including at least six elementary schools. Guidance information regarding the use of jet a and jet a1 in specialized. The chemical composition of biomass is highly dependent on the growing conditions soil, fertilizer, etc. With price fluctuations causing fuel costs to vary wildly by type, many are led to ponder alternative ways to power their diesel and jet engines. Aviation technical aviation fuels chevron corporation. When it comes to fuel, higher density means more bang for the buck. Each colored line represents a jet fuel with a given density at a. Jp8 jet fuel similar to commercialinternational jet a1 fuel is the standard military fuel for all types of vehicles, including the u. Us7671245b2 jet fuel compositions and methods of making and.
A synthesis of aerosol emissions data from the nasa apex, aafex, and access missions. Request pdf energy content and alternative jet fuel viability this paper examines the chemical composition and energy content of several fuel options that could hypothetically be used with the. Supporting information for \in uence of jet fuel composition on aircraft engine emissions. Frequently asked questions louisiana department of revenue. Apr 01, 2004 jet fuels are well characterized regarding their physical and chemical properties. The goal of this study was analysis of a spectrum of soot for the aforementioned aspects of chemistry. The smaller heavyduty industrial gas turbines also generally operate above synchronous speeds, and require speed reduction gearboxes. Fuel name of jet fuel sulfur fuel sulfur content ppmm s aromatics fuel aromatic content vol%. The pdf file you selected should load here if your web browser has a pdf reader plugin installed. Temperature and pressure volume correction factors for generalised crude oils, refined products and lubricating oils. In certain embodiments, the fuel compositions provided herein comprise a high concentration of at least a bioengineered fuel component. Health effects of fuel vapors and liquid fuel are described after occupational exposure and in animal studies. All sorts of propellants obtained from crude consist of hydrocarbons, which are divided into the following four groups.
Flash point and chemical composition of aviation kerosene jet a. Refinery net production of jet fuel by pad and refining districts. The total number of potentially registerable vendors of jet fuel used in noncommercial aviation is unclear, but is likely greater than the number that have registered with the internal revenue service irs based on industry information. This material is considered hazardous by the osha hazard communication standard, 29 cfr 1910. The main specifications for jet a1 grade see below are the uk specification def stan 9191 jet a1 nato code f35. The tax is imposed on every aircraft jet fuel dealer measured by the number of gallons of fuel sold to an aircraft jet. This is particularly important regarding the biomass ash content and inorganic composition. Flash point and chemical composition of aviation kerosene. Effect of gtllike jet fuel composition on gt engine. Combustion is the conversion of a substance called a fuel into chemical compounds known as products of combustion by combination with an oxidizer. This material is considered hazardous by the osha hazard communication standard, 29 cfr. The relationship between chemical composition, flash point, and ignition energy was ex amined for eight samples of aviation kerosene jet a.
Energy content and alternative jet fuel viability request pdf. The ongoing effort to evaluate the performance of alternative aviation fuels has renewed the interest in the effect of jet fuel composition changes on gas turbine. The fuel properties of leached feedstocks are provided in tables s1. The tax is imposed for the privilege of using or selling aircraft jet fuel. Although these fuels differ in things such as volatility and freezing points, their energy density, or heat content, is just about the same. However, by definition, the primary grades of jet fuel meet the specifications of astm d165519a. Military fuels differ from commercial use in a few different ways. Commercial jet fuels iii properties that affect combustion 14 1. Jet fuel thermal stability investigations using ellipsometry.
Jet fuel, aviation turbine fuel atf, or avtur, is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gasturbine engines. Some of those specifications and their limits are shown in. Chemical composition and fuel properties of alternative. Jet fuels are well characterized regarding their physical and chemical properties. Personal exposure to jp8 jet fuel vapors and exhaust at air. The jet fuel tax program involves the taxation of aircraft jet fuel ajf. October 14, 2014 page 3 of deerfoot consulting inc. Safety data sheet aviation jet fuel jet a1 jeta1 section 1. Jet fuel and total petroleum products supplied 16 8.
Jp5, jp8, and jet a fuels are kerosenebased jet fuels nrc 2003. Rather less is known about combustion products of jet fuels and exposure to those. Astm d6615 15a2019 standard specification for jet b. Jet fuel is a specific blend of fuels used in aviation to run turbine powered engines for both military and civilian use.
The design of the combustion system has also been developed with this fuel chemistry and specification. Assessment of combustion properties of nonhydroprocessed. It has a flash point minimum of 38 degrees c 100f and a freeze point maximum of 47 degrees c. The ash composition of crops 18 are provided later in this appendix. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against.
Jet a aviation kerosine, aviation turbine fuel turbine fuel, aviation kerosine type. Jet fuel thermal stability is a topic of intense research because of its importance in fuel cooled advanced aero engines. Effects of jet fuel spills on the microbial community of soil. Thus combustion may be represented symbolically by. Learn from jet fuel experts like scribd government docs and.
Jet fuel safety data sheet material safety data sheet date. Jet a1 from mabanaft meets the afqrjos check list latest issue attached below which embodies the requirements of the two main specifications def stan 91091 issue 11 and astm d1655 latest issue. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are jet a and jet a1, which are produced to a standardized international specification. Besides providing a source of energy, fuel is also used as hydraulic. For banagrass, leaching with water can remove 50 60 wt% of the na, 65 wt% mg, 90 wt% p, 90 wt% k, 55 wt% s, and 95 wt% cl. Alternative jet fuels would provide air quality benefits relative to conventional fuel. Read jet fuel books like house hearing, 109th congress commercial jet fuel supply and beginners guide to aviation biofuels pdf for free with a free 30day trial. Jet fuel safety data sheet material safety data sheet date of preparation.
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